If you are in the least interested in art, have your set tuned and be ready to have your eyes opened by John Berger in the first of a stunning new series “Ways of Seeing” - an eyeopener in more senses than one.

Sunday Times

A timely view of the camera and in particular of television as an agent of distortion… a programme dedicated , as is so much of John Berger’s writing, to stripping away the aesthetic mysteries which surround art criticism.

Observer

Marvellous series.

Daily Mail

Ways of Seeing opened our eyes to visual culture: A 1972 TV series was a British arts broadcasting landmark, but in recent celebrations the role of the director has been forgotten

The Guardian, 7 September 2012

I still have all the versions of the four scripts that made up the series we called Ways of Seeing. Reading them now, after 30 years, I’m struck by how much John wrote and re-wrote (mostly in a back room of his parents’ flat in Hallam St, just behind Broadcasting House) and how much we changed right up to the moment of filming; and then modified during the editing, with David Gladwell, after John returned to his home in Geneva. For instance, the first film originally began with John telling a short fable. But it felt flat, as did a potentially striking sequence which happened a little later, in which John with a sharp knife cut out a head from Botticelli’s Venus and Mars. I thought it would be interesting to try losing the story and bring the Botticelli sequence to the head of the film, juxtaposing it with a commentary for which it hadn’t been intended. Immediately that ‘act of vandalism’ gave the series the dramatic send-off we needed.

Because we were able to edit the films across a period of months, we could film additional material when first ideas didn’t work or better ones occurred. (Which is, of course, why John’s hair suddenly changed halfway through Programme One!). And sometimes we were lucky. We spent one day filming at a primary school in South London. Having played a number of games with pictures and words, none of which really worked, we showed the children a reproduction of Caravaggio’s Supper at Emmaus. Miraculously something began to happen and their spontaneous and perceptive comments created one of the first film’s most memorable sequences.

What I’m trying to say is that Ways of Seeing wasn’t conceived to illustrate a thesis. It was always a journey of discovery. It began (as yet untitled) when Stephen Hearst, the BBC’s Head of Music and Arts, asked John whether he would like to develop a short series about painting on themes of his choice. I was always going to be a part of it – I’d already met John in 1969 and, as a teenager, been greatly influenced by his writing since reading his art column in the New Statesman back in the 1950’s – but, as a lowly assistant arts producer, I didn’t think I’d be allowed to direct more than an episode or two. However, as John and I started to research the ideas, it became clear to everyone that the collaboration was working and I was given the responsibility of producing and directing the whole thing. John’s first crucial decision, from which everything else in the series flowed, was to use as our point of departure some of the ideas in Walter Benjamin’s essay The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, which had recently appeared in English. How could we translate Benjamin’s brilliant but very dense text into an accessible television film, which would be both provocative and playful?

Although Ways of Seeing may appear to be a succession of statements, these statements are really questions. When John speaks in conversation his sentences often end with an interrogative. No? he says , inviting a response, not automatic assent. This is also true of his letters: “Dear Mike, Here’s script no.2. Please remember all I said about it on the phone. Criticise, improvise, change, improve, cancel out, as much as you want or see how to. Or even we can begin again. All I would stand by is the essential idea…” This exemplary approach to collaboration characterised how we worked on Ways of Seeing, and on subsequent films together. Which does not mean that the process was always easy and free of tension (with John it’s never like that), but the arguments, when they arose, were always open and ultimately resolved, not through theory, but by trying out an idea in practise to see if it worked. And I often remember us laughing.

We were granted remarkable freedom (almost unthinkable in today’s over-controlled TV climate) – by the executive producer John Drummond (now Sir John) – to discover, during the process of making the series, in what direction the films should evolve. This freedom also derived from the trust that was then conventionally given by Channel Controllers to individual programme departments and from the departments, in turn, to the producers who worked in them. I’m sure it also helped that the budget was small and so there was nothing much financially at stake.

Even after we began filming, we had no idea what the fourth film should be. For a while its proposed subject was the ‘market’. We also played with ideas for deconstructing the meaning of ‘national heritage’. Then one Sunday evening John phoned me from Richmond. He’d been to have lunch with Huw Wheldon (mastermind of the BBC’s first arts magazine Monitor, for which John had earlier made several films). On the way there John had looked at the ads on the escalators and walls of the underground. He’d noticed, not only how advertisers occasionally used the images and status of European art to sell their products, but also to what extent the iconography of these painted images was being co-opted and re-deployed by advertising, with colour photography assuming the function that oil paint once had. From that phone call the last and possibly most original film in the series was born.

There are two questions I’m often asked. Why the blue screen and why that shirt? The answers are connected. It was in the early days of CSO (colour separation overlay). Our original idea was that, because John would travel nowhere (in deliberate contrast to Kenneth Clarke) the paintings would have to ‘travel’ to him, so he should be filmed in a TV studio in front of a blue screen, with images electronically layered in behind. I soon realised it would be impossible to make the programmes this way, because video tape editing was then too cumbersome and crude, and I needed the flexibility of film. But the idea of the blue screen stayed. I considered filming on one of the Ealing film stages, but it was too expensive. So we hired very cheaply a nearby electrical goods warehouse and brought our mobile blue screen there. This meant that John, unable to wear his normal blue shirt, had to go off and buy something without any blue in it. He arrived back with what has provoked so much comment over the years, a pair of identical cream and red ‘chain-mail’ shirts, circa 1971. We didn’t give them a second thought then, and now they’re iconic!

Another thing that has always amused me is that out there in the darkness, on either side of John in his shirt delivering words of wisdom in front of a celestial screen, was Ways of Seeing’s first silent audience, a packed house of fridges, TV sets and cookers! Little did we imagine what influence this modest little series would have and how many arguments it would engender. In the subsequent book, on which five of us worked, we tried to carry on in the same spirit, reversing the conventions of books about art. Among other things we used a heavy black type-face, small black and white reproductions embedded within the text rather than separated out into full-page plates, and tried to make it the cheapest art book then available, just 60p for the first edition.

Consider what I say, but be sceptical, said John at the end of the first film. To be continued… we wrote at the end of the book. Maybe that’s why both the films and the book are still alive.

MIKE DIBB, January 2005